Hipercolesterolemia familiar descripción de un caso en una familia de Armenia - Quindío (Colombia)

Introducción: La Hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) es una enfermedad genética de carácter autosómico dominante, poco frecuente, generada por la mutación en el cromosoma 19. Es la primera causa de enfermedad cardiovascular prematura. Las mutaciones patogénicas que generan la HF se relacionan con el receptor de LDL (LDLr), la apolipoproteina B-100 (Apo- B100) y la proteína convertasa subtilisina / kexina tipo 9 (PCSK9), que produce elevación del colesterol y alteración de la vía del LDLr en el 80 % de los casos diagnosticados de HF (5). Presentamos un reporte de caso de cuatro pacientes que pertenecen a la misma familia, quienes presentan mutaciones patogénicas de diferente compromiso a nivel cardiovascular y sistémico que ha afectado de manera negativa su cotidianidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una correlación del hipercolesterolemia familiar de tipo genético a partir de la literatura, con respecto a la serie de casos presentada, y evaluar el impacto que este genera en los servicios de salud, en la vida del paciente y su familia. Discusión: El reporte de caso que presentamos se fundamenta en la sospecha de HF según los criterios de Holanda. En estos pacientes se reconoce mutación del gen LDLr que se relaciona con HF. Sin embargo, no ha sido ampliamente estudiada. Chmara realizó en Polonia por primera vez un estudio en el que reportó la variante ac 11G>T. En Colombia, el estudio de López encontró tres mutaciones, identificadas como variante a c.11G > A, n c.416A > G y c.1187G > A (8). Conclusión: La HF en nuestro medio es poco frecuente y con gran impacto social, en la mayoría de los casos genera síntomas clínicos y aumento del riesgo cardiovascular desde una edad temprana. Es importante resaltar el diagnóstico oportuno y el conocimiento por parte del personal de salud para generar una calidad de vida adecuada a los pacientes y evitar que aumente el riesgo cardiovascular.

Introduction: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by a chromosome 19 mutation. It is the main cause of premature cardiovascular disease. Pathogenic mutations which cause FH are related to the LDL receptor (LDLr), B-100 apolipoprotein (Apo-B100) and type 9 subtilisin/kexin convertase protein (PCSK9), causing blood cholesterol increase and impairment of the LDLr pathway in up to 80% of patients diagnosed with FH. We present the case of 4 patients belonging to the same family and who present pathogenic mutations leading to diverse kinds of cardiovascular and systemic disease. Discussion: The case report we are presenting is based on the suspicion of FH according to the dutch criteria. These patients had the LDLr gene mutation related to FH. However, this mutation has not been thoroughly studied. The ac 11G>T variant was reported for the first time in Poland by Chmara. In Colombia, Lopez found 3 mutations identified as variant a c.11G > A, variant n c.416A > G and variant c.1187G > A. Conclusion: FH is rare in Colombia. Early diagnosis and healthcare worker awareness must be highlighted to improve the quality of life and decrease the cardiovascular risk of patients.

Xantomas tuberosos en un paciente pediátrico: la clave en el diagnóstico precoz de una patología grave y poco frecuente / Tuberous xanthomas in a pediatric patient: a clue to the early diagnosis of a severe and infrequent disease

Los xantomas cutáneos reflejan el depósito de lípidos en la piel y pueden ser la única manifestación temprana de dislipidemias de inicio en la infancia. Las características y distribución de los xantomas orientan a la patología de base; los xantomas tuberosos tienen una fuerte asociación con la hipercolesterolemia homocigota familiar, una patología muy infrecuente. Su detección temprana otorga una ventana terapéutica para prevenir la ateroesclerosis acelerada y la mortalidad. Se presenta el caso de una paciente que comenzó a los dos años con xantomas tuberosos, que fueron la clave diagnóstica para identificar la hipercolesterolemia homocigota familiar subyacente.

Cutaneous xanthomas reflect lipid deposition on the skin and may be the only early manifestation of a childhoodonset dyslipidemia. Characteristics and distribution of the xanthomas signalize the underlying pathology, tuberousxanthomas being strongly associated with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, an extremely rare condition. Its early detection provides a therapeutic window to prevent accelerated atherosclerosis and mortality. We present the case of a patient who started at two years with tuberous xanthomas, which were the diagnostic clue to identify the underlying homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.

Enfermedad de Erdheim-Chester: Serie de diecinueve casos y un diagnóstico diferencial de relevancia / Erdheim-Chester Disease: Series of nineteen cases and a relevant differential diagnosis

La enfermedad de Erdheim-Chester (EEC) es una histiocitosis de células no Langerhans de presentación proteiforme y escaso conocimiento. Se presenta una serie de 19 casos de 4 centros, registrados de junio de 2012 a junio de 2019. Se incluyeron aquellos pacientes con clínica, anatomía patológica e inmunohistoquímica característica de la enfermedad. Se excluyeron pacientes con hallazgos indefinidos. Resultados: al igual que en la literatura, el compromiso más frecuente fue el óseo por imagenología, la mitad de estos sintomático. Nuestra serie presenta mayor incidencia de mujeres (casi 70%). Siete pacientes presentaron nódulo mamario como forma de presentación. La mayoría recibieron dosis media de esteroides asociado a otra droga inmunosupresora. La mortalidad fue del 16%. Conclusión: comunicamos una serie de pacientes con la EEC mencionando las características más destacables. Es llamativo el número de pacientes con afectación mamaria, por lo cual proponemos téngase en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial de la patología tumoral mamaria.

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a non-Langerhans histiocytosis, protein manifestations at start and little known. We included 19 patients from June 2012 to June of 2019. Inclusion criteria: clinical features, histopathology and immunostaining compatible with ECD. We excluded patients with undefined features. Results: Bones were the most frequent affected, half of them were asymptomatic. Seventy per cent of the patients were women, and 7 of them developed a nodule breast as first manifestation of ECD. The patients were treated with corticosteroids associated or not with immunosuppressants. The mortality rate was 16%. Conclusion: We reported a series of patients with ECD, enhancing the most frequent features. It is striking the number of patients with breast involvement; we propose to include the Erdheim-Chester disease in differential diagnosis of breast tumor.

Xantomas, la pieza clave para el diagnóstico de una hipertrigliceridemia grave / Xanthomas, the key piece for the diagnosis of a severe hypertriglyceridemia

Resumen La hipertrigliceridemia grave es una entidad poco común que presenta complicaciones que varían desde xantomas eruptivos y lipemia retinalis hasta pancreatitis, la cual puede llegar a ser mortal. No hay valores absolutos de niveles de triglicéridos con los que los pacientes desarrollen complicaciones, por lo que es difícil determinar la necesidad de manejo intrahospitalario en pacientes asintomáticos. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 47 años con hipertrigliceridemia grave, quien como único signo clínico presentaba xantomas generalizados. Se realiza una discusión del tema y revisión de la literatura.

Abstract Severe hypertriglyceridemia is a rare entity that presents complications ranging from eruptive xanthomas and lipemia retinalis to pancreatitis, which can be fatal. There are no absolute values of triglyceride levels with which patients develop complications, so it is difficult to determine the need for in-hospital management in asymptomatic patients. We present the case of a 47-year-old patient with severe hypertriglyceridemia, who presented generalized xanthomas as the only clinical sign. A discussion of the topic and review of the literature is made.

Gastric Xanthomas and Fundic Gland Polyps as Endoscopic Risk Indicators of Gastric Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Fundic gland polyps (FGPs), hyperplastic polyps (HPs), and xanthomas (XTs) are common benign gastric lesions that can be diagnosed by endoscopic appearance alone in most cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between gastric cancer and these benign lesions. METHODS: Two expert endoscopists reviewed a series of gastroscopy images. FGPs, HPs, and XTs were diagnosed by endoscopic appearance, whereas all gastric cancers were confirmed pathologically. RESULTS: Of the 1,227 patients reviewed, 114 (9.3%) had a concurrent or past history of gastric cancer. The overall prevalences of FGPs, HPs and XTs were 9.4%, 6.3% and 14.2%, respectively. HPs and XTs coexisted in 1.6% of patients, whereas other combinations were rarer. XTs were observed in 39.3% and 11.5% of patients with and without gastric cancer, respectively (p<0.001). In contrast, no gastric cancer patients had FGPs, whereas 10.4% of patients without cancer had FGPs (p<0.001). The prevalence of HPs was similar between the two groups (8.8% and 6.0% of patients with and without cancer, respectively, p=0.29). Multivariate and Mantel-Haenszel analyses demonstrated that XTs were positively associated and FGPs were negatively associated with gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS: XTs and FGPs might be useful as endoscopic risk indicators for monitoring gastric cancer.

Hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota: Revisión de las estrategias para su identificación y detección sistemática / Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: Review strategies for identification and screening / Hipercolesterolemia familiar heterozigótica: Revisão das estratégias para sua identificação e detecção sistemática

La hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota (HFHe) es una enfermedad genética, común, autosómica dominante, causante de enfermedad cardíaca coronaria precoz. Si la HFHe es detectada y tratada en forma temprana, aquellos individuos afectados llegan a tener una expectativa de vida equivalente a las personas no afectadas. Diferentes estrategias existen para realizar una correcta identificación de los casos con HFHe; criterios fenotípicos, basados en niveles elevados de colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL), estigmas clínicos (arco corneal, xantomas), sumados a antecedentes familiares de elevación del C-LDL y eventos cardiovasculares precoces son clásicamente utilizados en la práctica diaria. Por otro lado, existe la posibilidad de hacer diagnóstico genético de la HFHe y complementarlo con los aspectos y criterios fenotípicos. El desafío, una vez identificado el caso de HFHe, es implementar una estrategia de detección familiar, ya que por las características de heredabilidad mencionadas de la enfermedad, existe un cincuenta por ciento de probabilidad que un familiar directo padezca la enfermedad. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es presentar y discutir las diferentes estrategias de identificación y detección de pacientes con HFHe.

Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) is a common autosomal dominant genetic disease, which causes premature coronary heart disease. If HeFH detected and treated early, those affected individuals have a life expectation equivalent to unaffected individuals. Different strategies exist to make a correct identification of cases with HeFH; phenotypic criteria, based on elevated levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), clinical stigmata (corneal arcus, xanthomas), together with a family history of elevated LDL-C and early cardiovascular events are conventionally used in daily practice. On the other hand there is the possibility of genetic diagnosis of HeFH and this is complemented with aspects and phenotypic criteria. Once identified HeFH case, the challenge is to implement a strategy of family screening, since the characteristics mentioned heritability of the disease, there is a fifty percent chance that a direct family member has the disease. The primary objective of this review is to present and discuss different strategies for the identification and detection of patients with HeFH.

A hipercolesterolemia familiar heterozigótica (HFHe) é uma doença genética comum, autossômica dominante, que causa a doença arterial coronariana precoce. Se HFHe é detectada e tratada precocemente, aqueles indivíduos afetados têm uma expectativa de vida equivalente a indivíduos não afetados. Existem diferentes estratégias para a identificação correta de casos com HFHe; critérios fenotípicos, baseados em níveis elevados de colesterol de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (C-LDL), estigmas clínicos (arco corneal, xantomas), juntamente com uma história familiar de elevados níveis de C-LDL e os eventos cardiovasculares precoces são convencionalmente utilizados na prática diária. Por outro lado, existe a possibilidade de realizar um diagnóstico genético da HFHe e esta é complementado com aspectos e critérios fenotípicos. Uma vez identificado o caso de HFHe, o desafio é implementar uma estratégia de triagem familiar, de acordo com as características mencionadas da hereditariedade da doença, existe uma chance de cinquenta por cento que um membro direto da família tem a doença. O principal objetivo desta revisão é apresentar e discutir estratégias diferentes para a identificação e detecção dos pacientes com HFHe.

Parotid abscess in a seven year old child – A rare case report with review of literature.

A thirteen years old male patient of insulin dependent diabtes mellitus from Medicine Department was referred to our Dermatology Department with multiple eruptive xanthomas over the buttocks, knees and hands. Patient was blind since birth and diagnosis of “retinitis pigmentosa" was made by Ophthalmology Department. He was investigated and found raised levels of blood sugar, triglycerides, VLDL, TSH, SGOT/PT and kidney functions tests. He was diagnosed as a case of eruptive xanthomas with retinitis pigmentosa in secondary hyperlipidemia. We have reported this case because of the rare associations.

Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Report of a Family.

We report a family, two sibling and mother, who developed corneal arcus and multiple skin lesions in form of xanthomas. The lesions appeared all over the body involving fingers, hands, elbows, knees, buttocks and feet. Laboratory studies showed total serum cholesterol level of >700 mg/dL; triglyceride level <150 mg/dL in all the cases. Father died few years back at a young age due to cardiac illness. Findings were consistent with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. In our country, incidence of hypercholesterolemia is not known. Only few case reports are there in the available literature.

Corneal arcus and xanthomas in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: First report from China.

We report the case of a 12-year-old male who developed corneal arcus and multiple skin lesions with a 10-year history of xanthomas. The lesions appeared over his fingers, hands, elbows, knees, buttocks and feet. Laboratory studies showed a total serum cholesterol level of 752.1 mg/dL; a triglyceride level of 96.6 mg/dL; a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of 661.3 mg/dL. Findings were consistent with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. To our knowledge, this is the first such case to be reported from China.

Xantomas eruptivos en un niño normolipémico / Eruptive xanthomas in a normolipemic child

Los xantomas eruptivos son una enfermedad cutánea poco frecuente en la infancia que pueden aparecer en el contexto de trastornos primarios o secundarios del metabolismo lipídico y en algunas ocasiones no se asocian a ninguna enfermedad de base. Presentamos el caso de un niño de tres años de edad con múltiples pápulas amarillentas en los párpados, el tronco y los miembros superiores desde los dos años de edad, sin alteraciones en su perfil lipídico, que coincidían con xantomas. Consideramos importante informar este caso y hacer una revisión del tema debido a su baja prevalencia.

Normolipemic eruptive xanthomas are a very rare skin disorder in children. They most often occur in the context of primary or secondary lipid metabolism disorders, but sometimes no systemic involvement or lipid disorder is found. We report a 3 year old boy with multiple yellowish papules on the eyelids, trunk and superior extremities since he was 2 years old, with a normal lipid profile. We consider it is important to report this case due to its low prevalence.

Migratory polyarthritis in familial hypercholesterolemia (type iIa hyperlipoproteinemia).

Metabolic disorders are often encountered in clinical practice. Some of these diseases are associated with dermatological and musculoskeletal manifestations. Familial hypercholesterolemia is a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism characterized by elevated cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, xanthomas and early onset atherosclerosis. Tendinitis and arthritis have been rarely reported in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Here is presented a case of a young girl with migratory polyarthritis, who was diagnosed as probable homozygote familial hypercholesterolemia with hypercholesterolemic arthritis. A proper knowledge of cutaneous manifestations helps to identify patients at risk, establish the underlying diagnosis, and start early and effective therapy.

Xantomas eruptivos: A propósito de dos casos familiares / Eruptive xanthomas: Two familial clinical cases

Se presentan dos pacientes de sexo masculino, familiares de primer grado, tabaquistas y etilistas severos, sin antecedentes patológicos conocidos. Ambos presentan en forma eruptiva la aparición de xantomas y uno de ellos una pancreatitis necrohemorrágica atribuida a su hipertrigliceridemia, complicación muy grave de este trastorno. Si bien los xantomas eruptivos no son muy frecuentes de observar, deben hacernos sospechar en una dislipidemia severa, confirmándola con una examen de laboratorio que pondrá de manifiesto una elevación significativa de los triglicéridos y frecuentemente alteración de los niveles de glucosa en sangre. Además, el estudio histopatológico de las lesiones mostrará macrófagos cargados de lípidos, de aspecto espumoso e infiltrado polimorfonuclear y mononuclear en dermis.

We report a case of two male patients, first-grade relatives, who are heavy drinkers and smokers but apparently have no pathological records. Both show eruptive xanthomas and one of them presents acute necrotic and hemorrhagic pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridemia, a serious complication of this disorder. Despite the fact that eruptive xanthomas are not frequently observed, they should make us suspect an instance of severe dyslipidemia. In order to verify it, a laboratory test will show a dramatic raise of serum triglyceride levels and usual changes in the blood glucose levels. Moreover, a histopathologic study of the lesion will reveal macrophages full of lipids (foam cells) with polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltrate.